Both networks attached storage (NAS) and storage area networks (SAN) were developed to solve the problem of making stored data available to many users at once. Each of them provides dedicated storage for a group of users, but they couldn’t be more different in their approach to achieving their goal.
NAS is a single storage device that serves files over Ethernet and is relatively inexpensive and easy to set up, while a SAN is a tightly coupled network of multiple devices that is more expensive and complex to set up and manage. From a user perspective, the biggest difference between NAS and SAN is that NAS devices deliver shared storage as network mounted volumes and use protocols like NFS and SMB/CIFS, while SAN-connected disks appear to the user as local drives.
What is NAS?
NAS is a computer connected to a network that provides file-based data storage services to other devices on the network. The primary strength of NAS is how simple it is to set up and deploy. NAS volumes appear to the user as network mounted volumes. The files to be served are typically contained on one or more hard drives in the system, often arranged in RAID arrays. Generally, the more drive bays available within the NAS, the larger and more flexible storage options you have. The device itself is a network node—much like computers and other TCP/IP devices, all of which maintain their own IP address—and the NAS file service uses the Ethernet network to send and receive files. Although a NAS is usually not designed to be a general-purpose server, NAS vendors and third parties are increasingly offering other software
NAS devices offer an easy way for multiple users in diverse locations to access data, which is valuable when users are collaborating on projects or sharing information. NAS provides good access controls and security to support collaboration, while also enabling someone who is not an IT professional to administer and manage access to the data via an on-board web server. It also offers good fundamental data resiliency using redundant data structures—often RAID—making multiple drives appear like a single, large volume that can tolerate failure of a few of its individual drives.
Benefits of NAS
A NAS is frequently the next step up for a home office or small business that is using external hard drives or direct attached storage, which can be especially vulnerable to drive failure. The move up to NAS is driven by the desire to share files locally and remotely, having files available 24/7, achieving data redundancy, having the ability to replace and upgrade hard drives in the system, and most importantly, supports integrations with cloud storage that provides a location for necessary automatic data backups.
Benefits summary of NAS:
a. Relatively inexpensive.
b. A self-contained solution.
c. Ease of administration.
d. 24/7 and remote data availability.
e. Wide array of systems and sizes to choose from.
f. Drive failure-tolerant storage volumes.
g. Automatic backups to other devices and the cloud.
limitations of NAS
The weaknesses of a NAS are related to scale and performance. As more users need access, the server might not be able to keep up. At this point, you might be able to expand the storage, but most likely it will need to be replaced with a more powerful system with a bigger on-board processor, more memory, and faster and larger network connections. The other weakness is related to the nature of Ethernet itself. By design, Ethernet transfers data from one place to another by dividing the source into a number of segments called packets and sending them along to their destination. Depending on existing network traffic or issues, any of those packets could be delayed or sent out of order, and the file might not be available to the user until all the packets arrive and are put back in order.
Any latency (slow or retried connections) is usually not noticed by users for small files but can be a major problem in demanding environments such as video production, where files are extremely large, and latency of more than a few milliseconds can disrupt production such as video editing.
What is SAN?
A SAN is a way to provide users high-performance, low-latency shared access to storage. A SAN is built from a combination of servers and storage over a high speed, low latency interconnect that allows direct Fiber Channel connections from the client to the storage volume to provide the fastest possible performance. The SAN may also require a separate, private Ethernet network between the server and clients to keep the file request traffic out of the Fiber Channel network for even more performance. A SAN is a flexible way to deliver shared storage for a number of users in demanding applications, like video editing or multiple application servers. By joining together, the clients, SAN server, and storage on a fiber Channel network, the SAN volumes appear and perform as if it were a directly connected hard drive. Storage traffic over Fiber Channel avoids the TCP/IP packetization and latency issues, as well as any local area network congestion, ensuring the highest access speed available for media and mission critical stored data.
Benefits of SAN
Because it’s considerably more complex and expensive than NAS, SAN is typically used by large corporations and requires administration by an IT staff. For some applications, such as video editing, it’s especially desirable due to its high speed and low latency.
The primary strength of SAN is that it allows simultaneous shared access to shared storage that becomes faster with the addition of storage controllers. For example, hundreds of video editors can use 10’s GB/s of storage simultaneously. For this reason, SAN is widely used in collaborative video production environments.
Benefit Summary of SAN:
a. Extremely fast data access with low latency.
b. Relieves stress on a local area network.
c. Can be scaled up to the limits of the interconnect.
d. OS level (“native”) access to files.
e. Often the only solution for demanding applications requiring concurrent shared access.
limitations of SAN
The challenge of SAN can be summed up in its cost and administration requirements—having to dedicate and maintain both a separate Ethernet network for metadata file requests and implement a fiber Channel network can be a considerable investment. A SAN is often the only way to provide very fast data access for a large number of users that also can scale to supporting hundreds of users at the same time.
| NAS | SAN |
| Often used in homes and small to medium sized businesses | Often used in homes and small to medium sized businesses |
| Less expensive | More expensive |
| Easier to manage | Requires more administration |
| Data accessed as if it were a network-attached drive | Servers access data as if it were a local hard drive |
| Lower-end not highly scalable; high-end NAS scale to petabytes using clusters or scale-out nodes | Can add more storage controllers, or expanded storage arrays allowing SAN admins to scale performance, storage, or both |
| Speed dependent on local TCP/IP Ethernet network, typically 1GbE to 10GbE, and affected by the number of other users accessing the storage at the same time. Generally slower throughput and higher latency due to the nature of Ethernet packetization, waiting for the file server, and latency in general. | High-speed using fiber Channel, most commonly available in 16 Gb/s to 32 Gb/s. fiber Channel can be delivered via high-speed Ethernet such as 10Gb or 40Gb+ networks using protocols such as fiber Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and iSCSI. |
| SMB/CIFS, NFS, SFTP, and WebDAV | fiber Channel, iSCSI, FCoE |
| Simply connects to your existing Ethernet network. | Requires dedicated fiber Channel connections for clients, servers, and storage, and often a separate, dedicated Ethernet network for file request traffic |
| Entry level systems often have a single point of failure, e.g., power supply | Fault tolerant network and systems with redundant functionality |
| Subject to general Ethernet issues | Behavior is more predictable in controlled, dedicated environments |
| A central place from which to back up or sync user files | A place from which to archive files not immediately needed |
When considering NAS or SAN, you might find it helpful to think of it this way: NAS is simple to set up, easy to administer, and great for general purpose applications. Meanwhile, SAN can be more challenging to set up and administer, but it’s often the only way to make shared storage available for mission critical and high-performance applications.
In this post, we provide an overview of the differences between NAS and SAN, as well as the kinds of applications they are best suited for to help you in deciding which is suitable for you.
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